{"id":6836,"date":"2018-04-17T10:15:22","date_gmt":"2018-04-17T08:15:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sydologie.com\/?p=6836"},"modified":"2024-11-25T10:08:44","modified_gmt":"2024-11-25T09:08:44","slug":"multitasking-travail-ailleurs-2-definition-de-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2018\/04\/multitasking-travail-ailleurs-2-definition-de-science\/","title":{"rendered":"Multitasking au travail (et ailleurs) #2 : la d\u00e9finition de la science"},"content":{"rendered":"

On continue notre\u00a0mini-s\u00e9rie consacr\u00e9e au \u00ab\u00a0multit\u00e2che\u00a0\u00bb avec un nouvel article ! Au menu cette semaine : d\u00e9finition scientifique, attention et petite exp\u00e9rience.<\/strong> <\/em><\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0Multit\u00e2che\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0: la d\u00e9finition scientifique<\/h2>\n

Pour les chercheurs, \u00eatre \u00ab\u00a0multit\u00e2che\u00a0\u00bb signifie en effet\u00a0\u00eatre capable de faire plusieurs choses concurrentielles exactement<\/em> en m\u00eame temps, et pas en l\u00e9ger d\u00e9calage. Or avec le d\u00e9veloppement de la neuro-imagerie fonctionnelle, qui permet de visualiser l\u2019activit\u00e9 c\u00e9r\u00e9brale d\u2019un sujet en temps r\u00e9el, les scientifiques se sont rendu compte que lorsque nous pensions \u00eatre en mode \u00ab\u00a0multit\u00e2che\u00a0\u00bb, notre cerveau ne traitait en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 qu\u2019une seule t\u00e2che \u00e0 la fois, que l\u2019on soit un homme ou une femme\u00a0!<\/p>\n

Je vous vois d\u00e9j\u00e0 froncer les sourcils, \u00ab\u00a0mais nous sommes bien capables de marcher en parlant, ou de respirer en \u00e9crivant, non\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb. Vous avez raison, notre cerveau peut tout \u00e0 fait mener plusieurs t\u00e2ches en parall\u00e8le, mais \u00e0 une condition\u00a0: que certaines de ces t\u00e2ches soient automatis\u00e9es, comme la marche ou la respiration, que nous accomplissons la plupart du temps en \u00ab\u00a0pilote automatique\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Le reste du temps, si une personne r\u00e9alise deux actions un peu complexes en parall\u00e8le, par exemple t\u00e9l\u00e9phoner \u00e0 quelqu\u2019un tout en \u00e9crivant un mail, ses deux lobes frontaux vont s\u2019allumer simultan\u00e9ment, chacun traitant l\u2019une des deux t\u00e2ches. De l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur, la personne aura l\u2019air de mener les deux activit\u00e9s de front. Mais en r\u00e9alit\u00e9, son cerveau sera simplement en train de jongler rapidement d\u2019une t\u00e2che \u00e0 l\u2019autre, mettant la premi\u00e8re en attente pour se concentrer sur la seconde avant d\u2019alterner, et ainsi de suite. Gr\u00e2ce au lobe pr\u00e9frontal, les informations concernant la 2nde<\/sup> t\u00e2che sont stock\u00e9es en m\u00e9moire courte pendant que la 1\u00e8re<\/sup> t\u00e2che est trait\u00e9e, puis inversement lorsque la personne se concentre sur la 2nde<\/sup> t\u00e2che.<\/p>\n

Comment le cerveau parvient-il\u00a0\u00e0 jongler ainsi ? Tout repose sur la focalisation de l\u2019attention.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

L\u2019attention, une ressource limit\u00e9e<\/h2>\n

L\u2019attention, c\u2019est notre capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 supprimer ce qui nous distrait et \u00e0 s\u00e9lectionner des stimuli, des souvenirs ou des pens\u00e9es adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 la situation \u00e0 laquelle nous sommes confront\u00e9s, pour r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 un objectif pr\u00e9cis (pour plus de d\u00e9tails, vous pouvez t\u00e9l\u00e9charger notre livre blanc<\/a> sur le sujet). Sans ce m\u00e9canisme, nous serions litt\u00e9ralement submerg\u00e9s par toutes les informations qui nous parviennent de l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur \u00e0 chaque instant\u00a0!<\/p>\n

Selon le contexte dans lequel nous nous trouvons, nous pouvons choisir de diriger notre attention sur tel ou tel \u00e9l\u00e9ment. D\u2019apr\u00e8s une \u00e9tude<\/a> des chercheurs de l\u2019Institut de Neurosciences de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de New-York men\u00e9e sur des souris, ce sont le cortex pr\u00e9frontal et une zone pr\u00e9cise du thalamus, le noyau r\u00e9ticul\u00e9 thalamique (NRT), qui dirigent intentionnellement l\u2019attention sur l\u2019une ou l\u2019autre des t\u00e2ches \u00e0 accomplir.<\/p>\n

Mais nos ressources attentionnelles sont limit\u00e9es\u00a0: plus nous avons de t\u00e2ches \u00e0 mener en parall\u00e8le, plus nous devons \u00ab\u00a0diviser\u00a0\u00bb notre attention. Cons\u00e9quence, le risque de faire des erreurs augmente, de m\u00eame que le temps n\u00e9cessaire pour accomplir une t\u00e2che (par rapport \u00e0 la situation o\u00f9 nous n\u2019aurions que cette t\u00e2che isol\u00e9e \u00e0 accomplir).<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

\u2026 Vous doutez\u00a0? Essayez donc le test suivant, con\u00e7u en 1930 par John Ridley Stroop, un psychologue am\u00e9ricain.<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Commencez par \u00e9noncer \u00e0 voix haute les couleurs des carr\u00e9s\u00a0suivants :<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \"\"<\/p>\n

    \u2026 facile, non\u00a0?<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Maintenant, dites \u00e0 voix haute de quelle couleur les mots suivants sont \u00e9crits\u00a0:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \"\"Normalement, pas de difficult\u00e9 non plus.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Et maintenant, essayez de faire le m\u00eame exercice qu\u2019en 2 avec la liste de mots suivante\u00a0:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \"\"<\/p>\n

        A priori (et sauf myopie extr\u00eame), vous avez d\u00fb avoir\u00a0plus de difficult\u00e9 !<\/p>\n

        Pourquoi\u00a0? Tout simplement parce que dans cet exercice deux t\u00e2ches distinctes, la lecture des mots et la reconnaissance des couleurs, tentent de capter votre attention\u00a0: pour r\u00e9ussir l\u2019exercice, votre cerveau doit parvenir \u00e0 consid\u00e9rer la r\u00e9ponse automatique (la lecture) comme une simple distraction pour l\u2019inhiber, et se concentrer sur l\u2019information pertinente (la couleur).<\/p>\n

        Rendez-vous la semaine prochaine pour conclure : quels risques \u00e0 partager son attention ?<\/em>
        \n        Article pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent\u00a0<\/a>
        \n        Article suivant<\/a>
        \n 
        \n 
        \n 
        \nVous retrouverez ici tous les \u00e9pisodes de la s\u00e9rie :
        \n–         Multitasking au travail (et ailleurs) #1 : la diff\u00e9rence Homme\/Femme<\/a>
        \n–         Multitasking au travail (et ailleurs) #2 : la d\u00e9finition de la science<\/a>
        \n–         Multitasking au travail (et ailleurs) #3 : le partage de l\u2019attention<\/a><\/strong>
        \n 
        \n 
        \n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"On continue notre\u00a0mini-s\u00e9rie consacr\u00e9e au \u00ab\u00a0multit\u00e2che\u00a0\u00bb avec un nouvel article ! Au menu cette semaine : d\u00e9finition scientifique, attention et petite exp\u00e9rience. \u00ab\u00a0Multit\u00e2che\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0: la d\u00e9finition scientifique Pour les chercheurs, \u00eatre \u00ab\u00a0multit\u00e2che\u00a0\u00bb signifie en effet\u00a0\u00eatre capable de faire plusieurs choses concurrentielles exactement en m\u00eame temps, et pas en l\u00e9ger d\u00e9calage. Or avec le d\u00e9veloppement de la…         Voir l’article<\/a>","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":6841,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":[],"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2],"tags":[1604],"class_list":["post-6836","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-le-mag","tag-multitache"],"yoast_head":"\nMultitasking au travail (et ailleurs) #2 : la d\u00e9finition de la science - Sydologie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2018\/04\/multitasking-travail-ailleurs-2-definition-de-science\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Multitasking au travail (et ailleurs) #2 : la d\u00e9finition de la science - Sydologie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On continue notre\u00a0mini-s\u00e9rie consacr\u00e9e au \u00ab\u00a0multit\u00e2che\u00a0\u00bb avec un nouvel article ! Au menu cette semaine : d\u00e9finition scientifique, attention et petite exp\u00e9rience. \u00ab\u00a0Multit\u00e2che\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0: la d\u00e9finition scientifique Pour les chercheurs, \u00eatre \u00ab\u00a0multit\u00e2che\u00a0\u00bb signifie en effet\u00a0\u00eatre capable de faire plusieurs choses concurrentielles exactement en m\u00eame temps, et pas en l\u00e9ger d\u00e9calage. Or avec le d\u00e9veloppement de la... 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