{"id":1582,"date":"2014-02-06T12:41:57","date_gmt":"2014-02-06T10:41:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sydologie.com\/?p=1582"},"modified":"2016-04-26T17:11:12","modified_gmt":"2016-04-26T15:11:12","slug":"lecole-venue-du-froid-le-systeme-educatif-finlandais","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2014\/02\/lecole-venue-du-froid-le-systeme-educatif-finlandais\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u2019\u00e9cole venue du froid : le syst\u00e8me \u00e9ducatif finlandais"},"content":{"rendered":"

En 2009, la Finlande a obtenu d\u2019excellents r\u00e9sultats aux \u00e9valuations PISA, qui visent \u00e0 mesurer les performances \u00e9ducatives des pays (2\u00e8me<\/sup> mondial en Sciences, 3\u00e8me<\/sup> en lecture et 6\u00e8me<\/sup> en math\u00e9matiques, loin devant tous les pays occidentaux). Les journalistes et les chercheurs se sont alors pench\u00e9s sur le mod\u00e8le \u00e9ducatif finlandais pour comprendre les raisons de cette r\u00e9ussite. Pour en savoir plus, je vous propose un petit voyage au pays des rennes et des aurores bor\u00e9ales\u2026<\/b><\/p>\n

L\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve au centre des pr\u00e9occupations<\/h3>\n

Selon la conception finlandaise, c\u2019est l\u2019\u00e9cole qui doit s\u2019adapter aux \u00e9l\u00e8ves et non le contraire. Cette diff\u00e9rence de point de vue implique de se soucier de l\u2019\u00e9panouissement de l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9cole, de son int\u00e9r\u00eat pour les cours, voire m\u00eame, disons-le carr\u00e9ment, de son bonheur\u00a0! Une conception qui, vue de France nous semble bien incongrue. Cette posture a une influence non n\u00e9gligeable sur la mani\u00e8re d\u2019enseigner\u00a0: le professeur utilisera diff\u00e9rentes m\u00e9thodes pour s\u2019adapter \u00e0 chaque \u00e9l\u00e8ve jusqu\u2019\u00e0 trouver celle qui convient. Pour pouvoir exercer son m\u00e9tier correctement, il doit donc disposer d\u2019une grande palette d\u2019astuces p\u00e9dagogiques pour pouvoir s\u2019adapter \u00e0 tous les profils.<\/p>\n

Une \u00e9valuation rassurante<\/h3>\n

Les \u00e9l\u00e8ves sont \u00e9valu\u00e9s pour la premi\u00e8re fois \u00e0 9 ans, de mani\u00e8re non chiffr\u00e9e (on cherche seulement \u00e0 d\u00e9terminer si les comp\u00e9tences de base sont acquises ou non). Ensuite, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 11 ans, ils ne subissent plus d\u2019\u00e9valuation. Ainsi, durant l\u2019\u00e9quivalent de notre scolarit\u00e9 primaire, les petits finlandais ne subissent qu\u2019une seule \u00e9valuation. Les savoirs fondamentaux s\u2019apprennent donc sans le stress des interrogations.<\/p>\n

Les notes chiffr\u00e9es apparaissent \u00e0 partir de l\u2019\u00e2ge de 13 ans. Mais l\u00e0 encore, le syst\u00e8me finlandais s\u2019av\u00e8re particuli\u00e8rement rassurant pour l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve. Les notes peuvent s\u2019\u00e9chelonner entre 4 et 10. Le 0, associ\u00e9 \u00e0 la nullit\u00e9 et au n\u00e9ant, est donc banni, ainsi que les notes tr\u00e8s basses qui peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9primantes.<\/p>\n

On peut pourtant se poser la question de la signification du 4 dans cette nouvelle \u00e9chelle, qui a peut \u00eatre acquis au fur et \u00e0 mesure le caract\u00e8re d\u00e9primant du 0. En revanche, l\u2019amplitude r\u00e9duite (seulement 6 points) permet de se positionner plus facilement\u00a0: la notion est acquise ou elle ne l\u2019est pas.<\/p>\n

Une formation de haut vol<\/h3>\n

En Finlande, la formation des enseignants est extr\u00eamement s\u00e9lective\u00a0: par exemple, 80 candidats sont re\u00e7us \u00e0 la facult\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9ducation de Joensuu, sur 1200 dossiers propos\u00e9s. Pour devenir professeur, il faut obtenir un master en science de l\u2019\u00e9ducation ou dans une mati\u00e8re sp\u00e9cifique (pour l\u2019enseignement secondaire), \u00e9tudier la p\u00e9dagogie pendant 1 \u00e0 2 ans et passer 3 ans en tant qu\u2019assistant dans une classe. Une fois le dipl\u00f4me obtenu, les professeurs postulent directement aupr\u00e8s des \u00e9tablissements de leur choix. On peut supposer que ce mode de recrutement facilite l\u2019implication des enseignants dans leur activit\u00e9 et dans la vie de l\u2019\u00e9tablissement, car ils int\u00e8grent des \u00e9coles qu\u2019ils ont eux-m\u00eames s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Un environnement de travail privil\u00e9gi\u00e9<\/h3>\n

Vues de la France, les conditions de travail des enseignants finlandais semblent, sinon idylliques, au moins id\u00e9ales. Les effectifs des classes sont relativement l\u00e9gers\u00a0(20 \u00e0 25 \u00e9l\u00e8ves), les enseignants disposent de mat\u00e9riel multim\u00e9dia moderne (alors qu\u2019on trouve encore des r\u00e9troprojecteurs avec des transparents dans certaines de nos classes), chaque d\u00e9partement b\u00e9n\u00e9ficie d\u2019une salle de travail avec une biblioth\u00e8que sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e. Par ailleurs, chaque professeur dispose d\u2019un bureau personnel.<\/p>\n

En d\u00e9pit de ses nombreux atouts, la Finlande a d\u00e9gringol\u00e9 de la 3\u00e8me<\/sup> place \u00e0 la 12\u00e8me<\/sup> place, lors du classement PISA 2013. Aujourd\u2019hui, les Finlandais se demandent s\u2019ils n\u2019ont pas pass\u00e9 trop de temps \u00e0 expliquer leur mod\u00e8le aux autres pays. Sans le vouloir, ils leur auraient ainsi fourni les armes qui leur ont permis d\u2019am\u00e9liorer le score de leurs \u00e9l\u00e8ves. Le minist\u00e8re de l\u2019\u00e9ducation a en tout cas pr\u00e9vu de redresser la barre et a imm\u00e9diatement annonc\u00e9 la cr\u00e9ation d’un groupe de r\u00e9flexion pour proposer des pistes sur l’am\u00e9lioration du niveau de ses \u00e9coles. Une r\u00e9activit\u00e9 dont nous pourrions nous inspirer\u00a0!<\/p>\n

Photo : classe de l’\u00e9cole Aarnivalkean Koulu, \u00e0 Espoo \/ Source<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"En 2009, la Finlande a obtenu d\u2019excellents r\u00e9sultats aux \u00e9valuations PISA, qui visent \u00e0 mesurer les performances \u00e9ducatives des pays (2\u00e8me mondial en Sciences, 3\u00e8me en lecture et 6\u00e8me en math\u00e9matiques, loin devant tous les pays occidentaux). Les journalistes et les chercheurs se sont alors pench\u00e9s sur le mod\u00e8le \u00e9ducatif finlandais pour comprendre les raisons… Voir l’article<\/a>","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1584,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":[],"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2],"tags":[352,369,442,480,825,917,1120,1122],"class_list":["post-1582","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-le-mag","tag-ecole-finlandaise","tag-education","tag-evaluation-des-eleves","tag-finlande","tag-notation","tag-pisa","tag-systeme-educatif","tag-systeme-educatif-finlandais"],"yoast_head":"\nL\u2019\u00e9cole venue du froid : le syst\u00e8me \u00e9ducatif finlandais - Sydologie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2014\/02\/lecole-venue-du-froid-le-systeme-educatif-finlandais\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L\u2019\u00e9cole venue du froid : le syst\u00e8me \u00e9ducatif finlandais - Sydologie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"En 2009, la Finlande a obtenu d\u2019excellents r\u00e9sultats aux \u00e9valuations PISA, qui visent \u00e0 mesurer les performances \u00e9ducatives des pays (2\u00e8me mondial en Sciences, 3\u00e8me en lecture et 6\u00e8me en math\u00e9matiques, loin devant tous les pays occidentaux). 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