{"id":12277,"date":"2022-12-21T11:00:19","date_gmt":"2022-12-21T10:00:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sydologie.com\/?p=12277"},"modified":"2024-11-25T10:01:52","modified_gmt":"2024-11-25T09:01:52","slug":"les-biais-cognitifs-10-leffet-dunning-kruger","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2022\/12\/les-biais-cognitifs-10-leffet-dunning-kruger\/","title":{"rendered":"LES BIAIS COGNITIFS #10 : L\u2019EFFET DUNNING-KRUGER"},"content":{"rendered":"

La premi\u00e8re fois que j\u2019ai entendu parler de ce biais cognitif, c\u2019\u00e9tait en p\u00e9riode de pand\u00e9mie. Des discussions et d\u00e9bats sur des sujets m\u00e9dicaux fleurissaient dans les m\u00e9dias (sur les vaccins, la contagion d\u2019un virus, etc.). Certaines personnes qui ne connaissaient pas grand-chose au sujet quelque temps auparavant affirmaient des choses avec aplomb, alors que des experts \u00e9taient plus prudents dans leurs discours. \u00c9tonnant, non ? Pas tant que \u00e7a, quand on comprend ce qu\u2019est l\u2019effet Dunning-Kruger.<\/strong>
\n <\/p>\n

De quoi s\u2019agit-il ? <\/h2>\n

 
\nL\u2019effet Dunning-Kruger, qui porte le nom des deux psychologues am\u00e9ricains qui l\u2019ont mis en \u00e9vidence, est un biais de jugement qui fait que notre sentiment de connaissance<\/strong> (notre confiance en nos connaissances sur un sujet) n\u2019est pas proportionnel \u00e0 la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 de nos connaissances<\/strong>. En effet, les personnes les moins comp\u00e9tentes vont avoir tendance \u00e0 surestimer leurs comp\u00e9tences, et inversement, les plus comp\u00e9tentes vont les sous-estimer.
\n 
\nRegardons un peu ce graphique<\/strong> qui r\u00e9sume assez bien les choses :
\n 
\n\"\"
\n 
\n– Quand on commence \u00e0 se renseigner sur un sujet, assez rapidement on peut avoir un exc\u00e8s de confiance (se sur\u00e9valuer, pour le dire autrement) et croire qu\u2019on le ma\u00eetrise. Nous ne sommes pas conscients de tout ce que nous ne savons pas. <\/p>\n

\u2192 C\u2019est la \u201cMontagne de la stupidit\u00e9\u201d<\/strong> (\u201c\u00e7a va, c\u2019est facile !\u201d).
\n 
\n– Puis, plus on se renseigne et plus on se rend compte de l\u2019\u00e9tendue et de la complexit\u00e9 des connaissances\u2026 On a alors l\u2019impression de conna\u00eetre si peu de choses ! Nous sommes davantage conscients de tout ce que nous ne savons pas et de ce qu\u2019il reste \u00e0 d\u00e9couvrir. <\/p>\n

\u2192 On peut appeler cette phase la \u201cVall\u00e9e de l\u2019humilit\u00e9\u201d<\/strong> (\u201cVous expliquer ? euh\u2026\u201d).
\n 
\n– Enfin, si on continue \u00e0 travailler sur le sujet, nos connaissances augmentent et notre confiance \u00e9galement (mais cette confiance est cette fois-ci assez proportionnelle \u00e0 la r\u00e9alit\u00e9). <\/p>\n

\u2192 On arrive donc progressivement au \u201cPlateau de la connaissance\u201d<\/strong> (\u201cbon pour faire simple\u2026\u201d).
\n 
\nIl y a un d\u00e9calage entre la r\u00e9alit\u00e9<\/strong> (\u00e9tendue des connaissances) et le ressenti<\/strong> de la personne (et notamment la confiance ressentie) !
\n <\/p>\n

\u00c0 quoi \u00e7a sert ?<\/h2>\n

 
\nPour tout vous avouer, l\u2019effet Dunning Kruger est un de mes biais pr\u00e9f\u00e9r\u00e9s (et la m\u00e9taphore pour l\u2019expliquer est assez parlante).
\n 
\nEn avoir conscience permet de mod\u00e9rer ses affirmations dans un premier temps, et de ne pas non plus se laisser abattre quand on perd confiance au fur et \u00e0 mesure qu\u2019on apprend. Pers\u00e9v\u00e9rer permet d\u2019arriver petit \u00e0 petit au plateau de la connaissance.<\/strong>
\n 
\nM\u00e9fiez-vous des personnes qui affirment des choses avec aplomb<\/strong>, et expliquez-leur \u00e9ventuellement ce principe !
\n 
\n 
\n 
\nPour lire tous les articles de la s\u00e9rie, c’est ci-dessous :
\n– Les biais cognitifs #1 : Qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019un biais cognitif ?<\/a>
\n– Les biais cognitifs #2 : L\u2019effet de halo<\/a>
\n– Les biais cognitifs #3 : L\u2019effet IKEA<\/a>
\n– Les biais cognitifs #4 : Le biais de complexit\u00e9<\/a>
\n– LES BIAIS COGNITIFS #5 : LA MALEDICTION DE LA CONNAISSANCE<\/a>
\n– LES BIAIS COGNITIFS #6 : LE BIAIS DE NEGATIVITE<\/a>
\n– LES BIAIS COGNITIFS #7 : L\u2019EFFET VON RESTORFF<\/a>
\n– LES BIAIS COGNITIFS #8 : LE BIAIS DE STATU QUO<\/a>
\n– LES BIAIS COGNITIFS #9 : LA LOI DU MARTEAU<\/a>
\n– LES BIAIS COGNITIFS #10 : L\u2019EFFET DUNNING-KRUGER<\/a>
\n– LES BIAIS COGNITIFS #11 : L\u2019ERREUR FONDAMENTALE D\u2019ATTRIBUTION<\/a><\/strong>
\n 
\n 
\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"La premi\u00e8re fois que j\u2019ai entendu parler de ce biais cognitif, c\u2019\u00e9tait en p\u00e9riode de pand\u00e9mie. Des discussions et d\u00e9bats sur des sujets m\u00e9dicaux fleurissaient dans les m\u00e9dias (sur les vaccins, la contagion d\u2019un virus, etc.). Certaines personnes qui ne connaissaient pas grand-chose au sujet quelque temps auparavant affirmaient des choses avec aplomb, alors que… Voir l’article<\/a>","protected":false},"author":47,"featured_media":12868,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":[],"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2],"tags":[1816,2042,2043],"class_list":["post-12277","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-le-mag","tag-biais-cognitif","tag-connaissances","tag-effet-dunning-kruger"],"yoast_head":"\nLES BIAIS COGNITIFS #10 : L\u2019EFFET DUNNING-KRUGER - Sydologie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2022\/12\/les-biais-cognitifs-10-leffet-dunning-kruger\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"LES BIAIS COGNITIFS #10 : L\u2019EFFET DUNNING-KRUGER - Sydologie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"La premi\u00e8re fois que j\u2019ai entendu parler de ce biais cognitif, c\u2019\u00e9tait en p\u00e9riode de pand\u00e9mie. 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