{"id":12093,"date":"2022-12-03T11:00:53","date_gmt":"2022-12-03T10:00:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sydologie.com\/?p=12093"},"modified":"2022-12-07T09:49:03","modified_gmt":"2022-12-07T08:49:03","slug":"lexperience-de-milgram","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2022\/12\/lexperience-de-milgram\/","title":{"rendered":"L’exp\u00e9rience de Milgram"},"content":{"rendered":"

Aujourd\u2019hui, \u00e2me sensible s\u2019abstenir, nous allons parler d\u2019une exp\u00e9rience, horrible mais fascinante : l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de Milgram (1961). Milgram est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre pour son exp\u00e9rience de soumission \u00e0 l’autorit\u00e9, dans laquelle il a voulu montrer jusqu’o\u00f9 des individus sont pr\u00eats \u00e0 aller dans l’ob\u00e9issance aveugle \u00e0 des ordres venant d’une figure d’autorit\u00e9<\/strong>, notamment s’ils sont pr\u00eats \u00e0 faire du mal \u00e0 quelqu’un d’autre en suivant ces ordres.
\n <\/p>\n

Le protocole <\/h2>\n

 
\nDans cette exp\u00e9rience, Milgram demande \u00e0 des volontaires de participer \u00e0 une \u00e9tude sur la m\u00e9moire et l’apprentissage. Deux par deux, ils arrivent alors et on leur pr\u00e9sente l\u2019exp\u00e9rience. Les deux sujets sont tout d\u2019abord \u201cal\u00e9atoirement\u201d r\u00e9partis entre le r\u00f4le de teacher<\/em> et de learner<\/em>. En r\u00e9alit\u00e9, le sujet est toujours choisi comme teacher<\/em> et le r\u00f4le de learner<\/em> est jou\u00e9 par un complice de Milgram. Milgram pr\u00e9sente ensuite aux sujets un scientifique en blouse blanche et leur explique que l’\u00e9tude porte sur les effets de la punition sur l’apprentissage<\/strong>. Les sujets sont install\u00e9s dans deux pi\u00e8ces diff\u00e9rentes.
\n 
\nLe teacher<\/em> doit pr\u00e9senter plusieurs paires de mots associ\u00e9s (cheval-maison par exemple) que le learner<\/em> doit apprendre par c\u0153ur. Suite \u00e0 ce temps d\u2019apprentissage, nous passons \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9valuation, le teacher<\/em> cite un premier mot et le learner<\/em> indique le mot associ\u00e9. Les teachers<\/em> ont \u00e9t\u00e9 inform\u00e9s que si les learners<\/em> se trompent, ils doivent leur administrer une d\u00e9charge \u00e9lectrique dont l\u2019intensit\u00e9 augmente <\/strong>syst\u00e9matiquement en cas de nouvelle erreur.
\n 
\nEn r\u00e9alit\u00e9, il n’y a pas de d\u00e9charge \u00e9lectrique, mais les learners<\/em> font semblant d’\u00eatre \u00e9lectrocut\u00e9s<\/strong>, hurlant et tapant sur la paroi. Si le sujet, qui joue le r\u00f4le de teacher<\/em>, souhaite arr\u00eater l\u2019exp\u00e9rimentation, les consignes du chercheur \u00e0 ses c\u00f4t\u00e9s sont d\u2019insister pour continuer mais d\u2019accepter si le sujet veut r\u00e9ellement arr\u00eater l\u2019exp\u00e9rience.
\n <\/p>\n

Les r\u00e9sultats<\/h2>\n

 
\nLors de son exp\u00e9rience, Milgram a constat\u00e9 que la majorit\u00e9 des participants (65%) ont administr\u00e9 la dose maximale de choc \u00e9lectrique<\/strong> \u00e0 leur sujet respectif, malgr\u00e9 ses supplications.
\n 
\nCette exp\u00e9rience a \u00e9t\u00e9 critiqu\u00e9e pour son manque de respect de la dignit\u00e9 humaine, car les sujets \u00e9taient g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement en \u00e9tat de choc apr\u00e8s coup. Milgram a conclu que la plupart des gens \u00e9taient pr\u00eats \u00e0 ob\u00e9ir \u00e0 un ordre, m\u00eame s’il est moralement r\u00e9pr\u00e9hensible<\/strong>, si une autorit\u00e9 qui leur para\u00eet l\u00e9gitime leur dit de le faire.
\n 
\nQuand j\u2019ai d\u00e9couvert cette exp\u00e9rience, \u00e0 17 ans, j\u2019avoue avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 dans le d\u00e9ni le plus total : \u201cJamais je n\u2019aurais fait \u00e7a, c\u2019\u00e9tait il y a longtemps, notre rapport \u00e0 l\u2019autorit\u00e9 a compl\u00e8tement \u00e9volu\u00e9\u201d. Puis quelques mois plus tard, je d\u00e9couvrais une deuxi\u00e8me exp\u00e9rience.<\/strong>
\n <\/p>\n

Le retour du b\u00e2ton<\/h2>\n

 
\nCette seconde exp\u00e9rience est r\u00e9alis\u00e9e par une \u00e9quipe scientifique pluridisciplinaire dirig\u00e9e par Jean L\u00e9on Beauvois, un chercheur en psychologie sociale, et Thomas Bornot, r\u00e9alisateur. Cette exp\u00e9rience reprend quasiment le m\u00eame protocole que l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de Milgram mais, cette fois-ci, l\u2019autorit\u00e9 est repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e par la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision, avec une animatrice, ainsi qu\u2019un public.<\/strong>
\n 
\nLes r\u00e9sultats sont alors \u00e9difiants, le taux d\u2019ob\u00e9issance des sujets atteignant 80%. <\/strong>
\n 
\nQue pourrions-nous dire de plus ? Effectivement, cette exp\u00e9rience a \u00e9t\u00e9 critiqu\u00e9e m\u00e9thodologiquement et \u00e9thiquement de diff\u00e9rentes fa\u00e7ons mais le r\u00e9sultat est frappant. Peu importe la morale initiale du sujet, l’autorit\u00e9 d’une personne consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme l\u00e9gitime par un sujet semble ne pas avoir tellement de limite. <\/strong>
\n 
\nJ\u2019esp\u00e8re que vous avez appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 cette exp\u00e9rience et que je ne vous ai pas trop traumatis\u00e9.
\n 
\nBonne journ\u00e9e et \u00e0 demain pour quelque chose de plus l\u00e9ger ! <\/strong>
\n 
\n 
\n 
\n 
\n 
\n 
\nBibliographie pour aller plus loin, notamment sur les m\u00e9canismes en lien avec cette ob\u00e9issance (l\u2019\u00e9tat agentique notamment) : <\/em>
\n 
\n – Article de Milgram : Milgram, S. (1963). Behavioral study of obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology , 67, 371-378
\n – Le documentaire sur le sujet : L’exp\u00e9rience de Milgram<\/a>
\n – Article de Jean L\u00e9on de Beauvois : Oberl\u00e9, D., Beauvois, J. L., & Courbet, D. (2011). Une transposition du paradigme d’ob\u00e9issance de Milgram \u00e0 la t\u00e9l\u00e9vision: enjeux, r\u00e9sultats et perspectives. Connexions, (1), 71-88.
\n – Le documentaire sur le sujet : Le jeu t\u00e9l\u00e9 de la mort – L’exp\u00e9rience de Milgram : la soumission \u00e0 l’autorit\u00e9 <\/a><\/em>
\n 
\n 
\nCr\u00e9dits photo : Le Temps \u00ab\u00a0L\u2019art de l\u2019\u00e9lectrochoc: les mensonges de l\u2019\u00abexp\u00e9rience de Milgram\u00a0\u00bb <\/em>
\n 
\n 
\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Aujourd\u2019hui, \u00e2me sensible s\u2019abstenir, nous allons parler d\u2019une exp\u00e9rience, horrible mais fascinante : l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de Milgram (1961). Milgram est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre pour son exp\u00e9rience de soumission \u00e0 l’autorit\u00e9, dans laquelle il a voulu montrer jusqu’o\u00f9 des individus sont pr\u00eats \u00e0 aller dans l’ob\u00e9issance aveugle \u00e0 des ordres venant d’une figure d’autorit\u00e9, notamment s’ils sont pr\u00eats \u00e0… Voir l’article<\/a>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":12101,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":[],"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2],"tags":[2020,173,2019,2021],"class_list":["post-12093","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-le-mag","tag-autorite","tag-cerveau","tag-obeissance","tag-scientifiques"],"yoast_head":"\nL'exp\u00e9rience de Milgram - Sydologie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2022\/12\/lexperience-de-milgram\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"L'exp\u00e9rience de Milgram - Sydologie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Aujourd\u2019hui, \u00e2me sensible s\u2019abstenir, nous allons parler d\u2019une exp\u00e9rience, horrible mais fascinante : l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de Milgram (1961). 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Milgram est c\u00e9l\u00e8bre pour son exp\u00e9rience de soumission \u00e0 l’autorit\u00e9, dans laquelle il a voulu montrer jusqu’o\u00f9 des individus sont pr\u00eats \u00e0 aller dans l’ob\u00e9issance aveugle \u00e0 des ordres venant d’une figure d’autorit\u00e9, notamment s’ils sont pr\u00eats \u00e0... 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