{"id":11357,"date":"2022-03-22T11:00:40","date_gmt":"2022-03-22T10:00:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sydologie.com\/?p=11357"},"modified":"2022-03-22T10:59:25","modified_gmt":"2022-03-22T09:59:25","slug":"pedagogo-43-leon-tolstoi-partie-1-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2022\/03\/pedagogo-43-leon-tolstoi-partie-1-2\/","title":{"rendered":"PEDAGOGO #43 – LEON TOLSTO\u00cf (partie 1\/2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grand.e.s p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oricien.e.s<\/strong> qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains.
\n <\/p>\n

L\u00e9on Tolsto\u00ef, c\u2019est qui ?!<\/h2>\n

 
\n\"\"
\n 
\nL\u00e9on Tolsto\u00ef est un auteur russe n\u00e9 le 28 ao\u00fbt 2828 \u00e0 Iasna\u00efa Poliana (\u201cLa clairi\u00e8re lumineuse\u201d), pr\u00e8s de Toula, en Russie, et mort le 20 novembre 1910, \u00e0 Astopovo, en Russie. C\u2019est aussi, comme nous le verrons dans cet article, un fameux p\u00e9dagogue, un enseignant, un organisateur d\u2019\u00e9coles mais aussi un r\u00e9dacteur de revue p\u00e9dagogique et de manuels scolaires. <\/strong>
\n 
\nIssu d\u2019une famille bourgeoise russe tr\u00e8s bien dot\u00e9e, Tolsto\u00ef grandit dans le domaine familial \u00e0 Iasna\u00efa Poliana aux c\u00f4t\u00e9s de ses fr\u00e8res. Par la suite, adolescent, il voyage dans les grandes villes russes, notamment Moscou, Saint-P\u00e9tersbourg ou encore Kazan, o\u00f9 il vit une vie quelque peu d\u00e9brid\u00e9e, suivant de temps \u00e0 autre des cours de langues orientales et de droit, avant de tout remettre en question. Il se plonge alors dans l\u2019\u00e9criture puis dans les activit\u00e9s militaires, en qu\u00eate de r\u00e9ponses et d\u2019un id\u00e9al. <\/strong>
\n 
\nCependant, en 1947, il est rappel\u00e9 \u00e0 Iasna\u00efa Poliana dont il obtient la charge suite \u00e0 la mort de son p\u00e8re. Il doit alors s\u2019occuper du domaine ainsi que des 700 serfs travaillant sur les terres familiales. C\u2019est \u00e0 leur contact que ses premi\u00e8res id\u00e9es \u201cp\u00e9dagogiques\u201d fleurissent. <\/strong>
\n 
\nIl est en effet marqu\u00e9 par les conditions de vie de ces derniers (\u00e0 qui il propose d\u2019ailleurs de rendre leur libert\u00e9 \u00e0 son retour des guerres du Caucase en 1954, en vain), et particuli\u00e8rement par leur analphab\u00e9tisme. Pour lui, tant que la classe paysanne (la plus grande du pays) continuera \u00e0 vivre dans la mis\u00e8re et l\u2019ignorance, la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 russe ne conna\u00eetra pas le bonheur et la paix. Il lui semble que c\u2019est de cette injustice face \u00e0 l\u2019instruction et aux connaissances que proviennent la plupart des grands fl\u00e9aux touchant alors son pays. Pour lui, l\u2019\u00e9ducation ne peut \u00eatre qu\u2019universelle. <\/strong>
\n 
\nIl couche ses premi\u00e8res id\u00e9es quant \u00e0 la p\u00e9dagogie et au d\u00e9veloppement des enfants dans ses nouvelles autobiographiques entre 1852 et 1857. Sa passion pour l\u2019enseignement lui fera dire d\u2019ailleurs que c\u2019\u00e9tait \u201cl\u2019oeuvre la plus importante du monde parce que ce dont nous r\u00eavons ne peut prendre vie que gr\u00e2ce aux g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures\u201d. <\/strong>
\n 
\nEn 1857, en parall\u00e8le de la consultation de nombreux ouvrages, L\u00e9on Tolsto\u00ef entreprend un voyage dans diff\u00e9rents pays europ\u00e9ens (Allemagne, France et Suisse notamment) pour s\u2019inspirer des mod\u00e8les existants et des exp\u00e9riences novatrices<\/strong>, mais aussi rencontrer des p\u00e9dagogues et \u00e9ducateurs.
\n 
\nIl ressort extr\u00eamement d\u00e9\u00e7u de ce qu\u2019il voit<\/strong> : il consid\u00e8re que l\u2019\u00e9cole classique est violente (physiquement et moralement) et inefficace, car elle oblige les enfants et restreint la libert\u00e9 de ces \u00eatres naturellement bons (coucou Rousseau). Ses rencontres avec les p\u00e9dagogues progressistes ne le satisfont pas davantage, il les trouve dogmatiques.
\n 
\nComme beaucoup d\u2019autres intellectuels russes, il est persuad\u00e9 que les fonctionnaires sont incapables d\u2019op\u00e9rer la mue de l\u2019\u00e9ducation et que c\u2019est \u00e0 la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile de r\u00e9former l\u2019enseignement en Russie <\/strong>et de cr\u00e9er des \u00e9coles avant-gardistes r\u00e9pondant davantage aux aspirations du peuple via des associations.
\n 
\nAfin d\u2019appliquer ses pr\u00e9ceptes et de tenter d\u2019\u00e9manciper les serfs de son domaine autrement qu\u2019en leur rendant brutalement leur libert\u00e9, il entame donc sa propre exp\u00e9rience p\u00e9dagogique. En 1859, il fonde ainsi une premi\u00e8re \u00e9cole \u00e0 Iasna\u00efa Poliana pour les enfants de ses moujiks<\/strong> (le nom des paysans russes de l\u2019\u00e9poque) afin qu\u2019ils apprennent \u00e0 apprendre, mais aussi qu\u2019ils apprennent la libert\u00e9, qu\u2019il place au centre de son projet.
\n 
\nParall\u00e8lement, il cr\u00e9e la revue p\u00e9dagogique Iasna\u00efa Poliana<\/strong> dans laquelle il d\u00e9veloppe notamment un \u201cProjet de plan g\u00e9n\u00e9ral pour l\u2019organisation des \u00e9coles populaires\u201d avec tous les aspects administratifs et p\u00e9dagogiques.
\n 
\nIl entreprend un second voyage en Europe en 1860 et visite des \u00e9coles en Allemagne, en France, en Italie, en Belgique et en Angleterre. Peu de temps apr\u00e8s son retour dans son fief, en 1862, les autorit\u00e9s tsaristes, tr\u00e8s m\u00e9fiantes vis-\u00e0-vis de ses volont\u00e9s r\u00e9formistes, stoppent son exp\u00e9rience<\/strong> en mettant \u00e0 sac l\u2019\u00e9cole \u00e0 Iasna\u00efa Poliana et en faisant arr\u00eater le journal.
\n 
\nTolsto\u00ef met la p\u00e9dagogie entre parenth\u00e8ses jusqu\u2019en 1871, ann\u00e9e o\u00f9 il commence \u00e0 travailler sur son ab\u00e9c\u00e9daire ou syllabaire, avec pour objectif de cr\u00e9er un guide pour les ma\u00eetres et de partager les m\u00e9thodes qu\u2019il a exp\u00e9riment\u00e9es<\/strong>. L\u2019ouvrage, dont il estime que \u201cplusieurs g\u00e9n\u00e9rations d\u2019enfants russes, fils de moujiks et fils de tsars, y apprendraient \u00e0 lire et conna\u00eetraient gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 lui leurs premi\u00e8res \u00e9motions po\u00e9tiques\u201d, sort en 1872.
\n 
\nIl est compos\u00e9 de quatre livres : les ab\u00e9c\u00e9daires en eux-m\u00eames, des textes pour l\u2019instruction \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire, des textes slavons (vieux slave) et des \u00e9l\u00e9ments pour l\u2019enseignement du calcul. Cette \u0153uvre s\u2019apparente en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 \u00e0 une grande encyclop\u00e9die \u00e0 usage des enfants, et sert de base pour l\u2019enseignement public des enfants russes<\/strong> pendant plusieurs ann\u00e9es.
\n 
\nSuite \u00e0 cette publication, il rouvre l\u2019\u00e9cole d\u2019Iasna\u00efa Poliana afin de tester les prescriptions de son manuel d\u2019instruction,<\/strong> mais aussi d\u2019accueillir les ma\u00eetres du district afin qu\u2019ils s\u2019initient \u00e0 ses m\u00e9thodes.
\n 
\nUne seconde version de son syllabaire<\/strong>, am\u00e9lior\u00e9e et plus universelle, para\u00eet en 1875.
\n 
\n 
\nEt sinon, quelles sont ses id\u00e9es ? <\/strong>
\n 
\nEh biiiiiien, il faudra revenir la semaine prochaine pour \u00e7a<\/strong>. Reposez-vous un peu entre temps. \u00c0 bient\u00f4t pour de nouvelles aventures tolsto\u00efennes.
\n 
\n 
\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grand.e.s p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oricien.e.s qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains.   L\u00e9on Tolsto\u00ef, c\u2019est qui ?!     L\u00e9on Tolsto\u00ef est un auteur russe n\u00e9 le 28 ao\u00fbt 2828 \u00e0 Iasna\u00efa Poliana (\u201cLa clairi\u00e8re lumineuse\u201d), pr\u00e8s de… Voir l’article<\/a>","protected":false},"author":41,"featured_media":10204,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":[],"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2],"tags":[369,411,1954,1848,882,1811,1955],"class_list":["post-11357","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-le-mag","tag-education","tag-enseignement-presentiel","tag-libertaire","tag-liberte","tag-pedagogie","tag-pedagogue","tag-rousseau"],"yoast_head":"\nPEDAGOGO #43 - LEON TOLSTO\u00cf (partie 1\/2) - Sydologie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2022\/03\/pedagogo-43-leon-tolstoi-partie-1-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PEDAGOGO #43 - LEON TOLSTO\u00cf (partie 1\/2) - Sydologie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grand.e.s p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oricien.e.s qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains.   L\u00e9on Tolsto\u00ef, c\u2019est qui ?!     L\u00e9on Tolsto\u00ef est un auteur russe n\u00e9 le 28 ao\u00fbt 2828 \u00e0 Iasna\u00efa Poliana (\u201cLa clairi\u00e8re lumineuse\u201d), pr\u00e8s de... 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LEON TOLSTO\u00cf (partie 1\/2) - Sydologie","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2022\/03\/pedagogo-43-leon-tolstoi-partie-1-2\/","og_locale":"fr_FR","og_type":"article","og_title":"PEDAGOGO #43 - LEON TOLSTO\u00cf (partie 1\/2) - Sydologie","og_description":"Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grand.e.s p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oricien.e.s qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains.   L\u00e9on Tolsto\u00ef, c\u2019est qui ?!     L\u00e9on Tolsto\u00ef est un auteur russe n\u00e9 le 28 ao\u00fbt 2828 \u00e0 Iasna\u00efa Poliana (\u201cLa clairi\u00e8re lumineuse\u201d), pr\u00e8s de... 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