{"id":11049,"date":"2021-12-13T11:00:15","date_gmt":"2021-12-13T10:00:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sydologie.com\/?p=11049"},"modified":"2022-01-07T18:09:05","modified_gmt":"2022-01-07T17:09:05","slug":"pedagogo-31-rabindranath-tagore","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2021\/12\/pedagogo-31-rabindranath-tagore\/","title":{"rendered":"PEDAGOGO #31 – RABINDRANATH TAGORE"},"content":{"rendered":"

Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grands p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oriciens<\/strong> qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains.
\n <\/p>\n

Rabindranath Tagore, c\u2019est qui ?!<\/h2>\n

\"\"
\n 
\nN\u00e9 le 7 mai 1861 \u00e0 Calcutta, Rabindranath Tagore est un po\u00e8te, \u00e9crivain, philosophe, peintre, compositeur ET p\u00e9dagogue indien<\/strong> (rien que \u00e7a !). Il est issu d\u2019une longue lign\u00e9e de r\u00e9formateurs indiens luttant contre le conservatisme<\/strong>, le syst\u00e8me de castes et les discriminations envers les femmes. Ses a\u00een\u00e9s ont notamment cr\u00e9\u00e9 des \u00e9tablissements enseignant les sciences et la m\u00e9decine dites \u00ab occidentales \u00bb.
\n 
\nUne grande partie de l\u2019\u00e9ducation de Rabindranath Tagore se d\u00e9roule \u00e0 domicile<\/strong> (sa famille rejetant un pan important de la scolarit\u00e9 traditionnelle), sous la supervision de son p\u00e8re, f\u00e9ru de philosophies occidentales, et de professeurs particuliers. Il baigne d\u00e8s son enfance dans un climat culturel tr\u00e8s riche<\/strong>, ses treize fr\u00e8res et s\u0153urs plus \u00e2g\u00e9s \u00e9tant po\u00e8tes, musiciens, dramaturges ou romanciers. Il voyage aussi beaucoup avec son p\u00e8re et vit plusieurs ann\u00e9es dans les for\u00eats et montagnes proches de l\u2019Himalaya.
\n 
\nApr\u00e8s ses \u00e9tudes \u00e0 domicile (ou dans la nature), durant sa jeunesse, il tente l\u2019aventure \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tranger en partant en Angleterre pour \u00e9tudier le droit<\/strong>. Cette exp\u00e9rience est un demi-\u00e9chec : il revient en Inde avant d\u2019\u00eatre dipl\u00f4m\u00e9. De retour au pays, il continue seul son \u00e9ducation et commence \u00e0 \u00e9crire ses premiers po\u00e8mes et \u00e0 composer de la musique.
\n 
\nQuelques ann\u00e9es plus tard, il doit s\u2019occuper des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s familiales confi\u00e9es par son p\u00e8re. Cette t\u00e2che le conduit \u00e0 \u00eatre en contact direct avec la pauvret\u00e9 des paysans bengalis. Le choc ressenti face \u00e0 la mis\u00e8re qu\u2019endurent ceux-ci l\u2019am\u00e8ne \u00e0 faire plusieurs constats<\/strong> :
\n 
\n\u2022\tLes Indiens doivent prendre conscience des liens qui font d\u2019eux une soci\u00e9t\u00e9<\/strong> par l\u2019\u00e9ducation, avec comme id\u00e9e de lutter contre les in\u00e9galit\u00e9s
\n\u2022\tLes paysans<\/strong>, pour \u00eatre plus unis et avoir une vie meilleure, doivent s\u2019organiser entre eux<\/strong> afin de prendre eux-m\u00eames leurs d\u00e9cisions de fa\u00e7on coop\u00e9rative.
\n 
\nFort du constat que seules l\u2019\u00e9ducation et la coop\u00e9ration peuvent permettre de v\u00e9ritables changements \u00e9conomiques et sociaux, il cr\u00e9e une premi\u00e8re \u00e9cole \u00e0 Seliadah<\/strong>.
\n 
\nIl quitte en 1901 Seliadah pour Santiniketan o\u00f9 il cr\u00e9e un pensionnat et une \u00e9cole<\/strong>, l\u2019\u00e9cole brahamacharyashram (ou ashram). Celle-ci ne regroupe que quelques \u00e9l\u00e8ves (qui ne payent pas pour leur scolarit\u00e9) et un nombre \u00e9quivalent de professeurs, provenant de multiples horizons et adeptes de religions diff\u00e9rentes.
\n 
\n\u00c0 partir de 1912, il voyage beaucoup, du Royaume-Uni jusqu\u2019au Japon en passant par les \u00c9tats-Unis. Il re\u00e7oit en 1913 le prix Nobel de litt\u00e9rature<\/strong>, une premi\u00e8re pour un \u00ab non-occidental \u00bb. Ses voyages font na\u00eetre en lui une obsession, celle d\u2019ouvrir l\u2019Inde sur le reste du monde afin que son pays \u00ab s\u2019\u00e9duque \u00bb <\/strong>et sorte de son nationalisme en s\u2019ouvrant aux autres cultures et courants de pens\u00e9e. Il cr\u00e9e alors plusieurs institutions d\u00e9di\u00e9es \u00e0 cet objectif, comme le Visva Bharati et le Sri Niketan.
\n <\/p>\n

Et Rabindranath Tagore, \u00e7a donne quoi aujourd\u2019hui ?<\/h2>\n

 
\nIl n\u2019est pas chose facile d\u2019exposer les id\u00e9es de Tagore en mati\u00e8re d\u2019\u00e9ducation tant celles-ci sont \u00e9parpill\u00e9es dans ses nombres \u00e9crits, mais aussi dans ses discours et conf\u00e9rences<\/strong>.
\n 
\nSa premi\u00e8re phase de r\u00e9flexion, s\u2019\u00e9talant de 1892 \u00e0 1901, lui permet de faire le constat que le d\u00e9ficit d\u2019\u00e9ducation en Inde est la raison qui emp\u00eache son pays d\u2019avancer.<\/strong> Le syst\u00e8me mis en place par la Grande-Bretagne n\u2019a alors comme objectif que de former du personnel pour l\u2019Empire, avec comme langue d\u2019instruction l\u2019anglais : la cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9, la libert\u00e9 ou l\u2019histoire et la culture indiennes ne sont pas travaill\u00e9es<\/strong>. Pour Tagore, les universit\u00e9s indiennes d\u2019alors sont \u00ab comme le compartiment \u00e9clair\u00e9 d’un train qui traverse des campagnes plong\u00e9es dans l’obscurit\u00e9 \u00bb.
\n 
\nDans sa deuxi\u00e8me phase, de 1901 \u00e0 1918, Tagore s\u2019attache \u00e0 poser les premi\u00e8res pierres de la r\u00e9forme du syst\u00e8me d\u2019\u00e9ducation nationale<\/strong> indien. Il insiste alors dans plusieurs ouvrages sur un certain nombre de points fondamentaux :
\n 
\n\u2022\tLe premier objectif de l\u2019\u00e9ducation est l\u2019\u00e9panouissement de chacun<\/strong>. Le deuxi\u00e8me est de fournir \u00e0 chacun les moyens de satisfaire ses besoins fondamentaux, condition sine qua non pour permettre d\u2019accomplir le premier objectif ;
\n\u2022\tLa nature doit \u00eatre le contexte d\u2019enseignement<\/strong>, un endroit o\u00f9 la libert\u00e9 peut s\u2019exprimer, et o\u00f9 les enfants peuvent apprendre par l\u2019exp\u00e9rience et la d\u00e9couverte ;
\n\u2022\tL\u2019enseignement doit \u00eatre dans la langue maternelle<\/strong> pour le g\u00e9n\u00e9raliser ;
\n\u2022\tL\u2019universalisme et l\u2019ouverture<\/strong> aux autres doivent \u00eatre enseign\u00e9s ;
\n\u2022\tLe go\u00fbt du travail et du devoir<\/strong> est primordial. Les enfants doivent ainsi apprendre un m\u00e9tier en lien avec la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 de leur pays (artisanat ou agriculture notamment) ;
\n\u2022\tIl faut \u00e9duquer les sentiments, via l\u2019art<\/strong>, et d\u00e9velopper la cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9 des enfants. Deux institutions rattach\u00e9es \u00e0 Visva Bharati furent d\u2019ailleurs cr\u00e9\u00e9es dans ces domaines : Kala Bhawan (l’\u00e9cole des beaux-arts) et Sangeet Bhawan (l’\u00e9cole de musique et de danse).
\n 
\nDans sa troisi\u00e8me phase, de 1918 \u00e0 1941, Tagore continue \u00e0 d\u00e9velopper ses id\u00e9es en mati\u00e8re d\u2019\u00e9ducation en mettant en place son \u00ab universit\u00e9 du monde \u00bb<\/strong>, la Visva Bharati, avec comme dessein de permettre aux ruraux de suivre des \u00e9tudes. L\u2019universit\u00e9 doit permettre aux personnes de s\u2019\u00e9panouir et s\u2019am\u00e9liorer, mais aussi de trouver des emplois car la fonction publique d\u2019alors est satur\u00e9e par l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de flots d\u2019\u00e9tudiants sans comp\u00e9tence manuelle. Pour lui, il est donc urgent de changer les objectifs de l’\u00e9ducation universitaire.<\/strong>
\n 
\nRabindranath Tagore est aujourd\u2019hui consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme l\u2019un des plus grands auteurs indiens, mais aussi comme l\u2019un des principaux penseurs du syst\u00e8me \u00e9ducatif indien moderne<\/strong> mis en place suite \u00e0 l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance. Plusieurs des institutions qu\u2019il a cr\u00e9\u00e9es continuent d\u2019ailleurs de faire vivre ses id\u00e9aux.
\n <\/p>\n

Quelques ouvrages de Rabindranath Tagore \u00e0 consulter :<\/h2>\n

Plus de 300 titres entre 1878 et 1941. Dur de choisir. Cependant, nous pouvons retenir :
\n–\tVicissitudes de l\u2019\u00e9ducation (1892) ;
\n– L\u2019\u00e9ducation et ses probl\u00e8mes (discours datant de 1906) ;
\n– Les ermitages des for\u00eats de l’Inde (1909) ;
\n– Le v\u00e9hicule de l\u2019\u00e9ducation (1915) ;
\n– Prenez votre \u00e9ducation en charge (1936) ;
\n– La structure de l’\u00e9cole ashram (1941) ;
\n– Vers l\u2019homme universel (1986).<\/em>
\n 
\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grands p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oriciens qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains.   Rabindranath Tagore, c\u2019est qui ?!   N\u00e9 le 7 mai 1861 \u00e0 Calcutta, Rabindranath Tagore est un po\u00e8te, \u00e9crivain, philosophe, peintre, compositeur ET p\u00e9dagogue indien (rien… Voir l’article<\/a>","protected":false},"author":41,"featured_media":10204,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":[],"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2],"tags":[344,1807,882,1811,1924],"class_list":["post-11049","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-le-mag","tag-ecole","tag-langues","tag-pedagogie","tag-pedagogue","tag-universalisme"],"yoast_head":"\nPEDAGOGO #31 - RABINDRANATH TAGORE - Sydologie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2021\/12\/pedagogo-31-rabindranath-tagore\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PEDAGOGO #31 - RABINDRANATH TAGORE - Sydologie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grands p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oriciens qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains.   Rabindranath Tagore, c\u2019est qui ?!   N\u00e9 le 7 mai 1861 \u00e0 Calcutta, Rabindranath Tagore est un po\u00e8te, \u00e9crivain, philosophe, peintre, compositeur ET p\u00e9dagogue indien (rien... 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