{"id":10972,"date":"2021-10-11T11:00:57","date_gmt":"2021-10-11T09:00:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sydologie.com\/?p=10972"},"modified":"2021-10-11T16:32:06","modified_gmt":"2021-10-11T14:32:06","slug":"pedagogo-28-anton-makarenko","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2021\/10\/pedagogo-28-anton-makarenko\/","title":{"rendered":"PEDAGOGO #28 – ANTON MAKARENKO"},"content":{"rendered":"

Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grands p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oriciens<\/strong> qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains.
\n <\/p>\n

Makarenko, c\u2019est qui ?!<\/h2>\n

 
\nN\u00e9 le 1er mars 1888 \u00e0 Belopoli\u00e9, ville ukrainienne appartenant alors \u00e0 l\u2019Empire Russe, Anton Semionovitch Makarenko est issu d\u2019une modeste famille ouvri\u00e8re. Form\u00e9 au sein d\u2019une \u00e9cole de cheminots, il devient instituteur d\u00e8s l\u2019\u00e2ge de 17 ans.<\/strong> R\u00e9form\u00e9 de l\u2019arm\u00e9e russe du fait d\u2019une forte myopie, il poursuivra sa formation \u00e0 l\u2019institut p\u00e9dagogique de Poltava. <\/p>\n

En 1920, apr\u00e8s la r\u00e9volution d\u2019Octobre, Makarenko organise une \u00ab colonie \u00bb, c\u2019est-\u00e0-dire un internat d\u00e9di\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9ducation et \u00e0 l\u2019encadrement d\u2019enfants abandonn\u00e9s et de jeunes d\u00e9linquants.<\/strong> Cette colonie, qu\u2019il dirige jusqu\u2019en 1921, prend le nom de \u00ab Gorki \u00bb, c\u00e9l\u00e8bre intellectuel socialiste avec qui il entretient une correspondance. Il ouvre un second \u00e9tablissement r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux enfants abandonn\u00e9s en 1928, la \u00ab commune Dzerjinski \u00bb, qu\u2019il dirige jusqu\u2019en 1936. <\/p>\n

Suite \u00e0 ses exp\u00e9riences au sein de Gorki et Dzerjinski, les detdomy \u2014 orphelinats ou \u00ab maisons d\u2019enfants \u00bb \u2014 et les \u00e9tablissements de r\u00e9\u00e9ducation par le travail se multiplient au sein de l\u2019URSS<\/strong>, reprenant et adaptant l\u2019essentiel des principes p\u00e9dagogiques de Makarenko (principes qui seront d\u00e9velopp\u00e9s ci-dessous). <\/p>\n

Souvent en opposition frontale avec le Commissariat sovi\u00e9tique de l\u2019Instruction Publique du fait d\u2019une approche jug\u00e9e trop \u00ab coercitive \u00bb, il faut attendre 1936 pour que les th\u00e9ories p\u00e9dagogiques de Makarenko soient officiellement reconnues et jouent un r\u00f4le central dans la doctrine \u00e9ducative sovi\u00e9tique.<\/strong> \u00c0 partir de cette date, et jusqu\u2019\u00e0 sa mort en 1939, celui qui sera plus tard consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme le plus grand \u00e9ducateur sovi\u00e9tique enseigne ses id\u00e9es lors de conf\u00e9rences, \u00e0 la radio ou encore dans le cadre de r\u00e9unions. <\/p>\n

Pour l\u2019anecdote, bien qu\u2019il ait totalement r\u00e9volutionn\u00e9 le syst\u00e8me p\u00e9dagogique sovi\u00e9tique et qu\u2019il se consid\u00e8re lui-m\u00eame comme socialiste, il ne fut jamais membre du parti communiste<\/strong>, malgr\u00e9 une demande d\u2019adh\u00e9sion d\u00e9pos\u00e9e quelques semaines avant sa mort.
\n <\/p>\n

Et Makarenko \u00e7a donne quoi aujourd\u2019hui ?<\/h2>\n

 
\nConfront\u00e9 \u00e0 un d\u00e9fi \u00e9ducatif titanesque, Makarenko s\u2019appuie sur plusieurs principes-cl\u00e9s pour \u00e9duquer les jeunes en difficult\u00e9<\/strong>, comme :
\n 
\n\u2022\tL\u2019instruction ne peut \u00eatre pens\u00e9e sans le travail<\/strong>, au sens manuel. L\u2019objectif de Makarenko est de faire de ces jeunes des techniciens qualifi\u00e9s, instruits et utiles au collectif. Aussi, le travail productif joue un r\u00f4le pr\u00e9pond\u00e9rant au sein de ses structures, au m\u00eame titre que les \u00e9tudes.
\n 
\n\u2022\tL\u2019\u00e9ducation n\u2019est pas seulement l\u2019affaire de l\u2019instituteur et il ne faut pas r\u00e9duire le processus p\u00e9dagogique \u00e0 l\u2019interaction de deux personnes, l\u2019instituteur et l\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve. L\u2019\u00e9ducation est un processus social complexe et n\u00e9cessite de forts liens entre la \u00ab collectivit\u00e9 \u00e9ducative \u00bb stricto sensu et l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur. <\/strong>
\n 
\n\u2022\tSi l\u2019\u00e9ducateur \u00ab ne peut pas tout \u00bb, Makarenko se bat aussi contre ce qui est aujourd\u2019hui appel\u00e9 \u00ab l\u2019\u00e9ducation libre \u00bb et rappelle ainsi le r\u00f4le \u00e9ducatif central que doit jouer l\u2019\u00e9ducateur pour encadrer et guider les \u00e9l\u00e8ves dans leur d\u00e9veloppement. <\/strong>
\n 
\n\u2022\tL\u2019enseignement, et plus largement l\u2019\u00e9ducation, se doit d\u2019\u00eatre pluridisciplinaire<\/strong> et d\u2019int\u00e9grer aussi bien des activit\u00e9s intellectuelles que manuelles, sociales, esth\u00e9tiques ou encore sportives.
\n 
\n\u2022\tTout \u00e9l\u00e8ve doit \u00eatre \u00e9duqu\u00e9 dans des conditions de rapports humains proches de la r\u00e9alit\u00e9, dans des conditions de collectivisme. Aussi, chacun, d\u00e8s le plus jeune \u00e2ge, doit participer \u00e0 la gestion et \u00e0 l\u2019organisation de la collectivit\u00e9, qui doit \u00eatre profond\u00e9ment d\u00e9mocratique. C\u2019est par et gr\u00e2ce au collectif que prosp\u00e8rent la cr\u00e9ativit\u00e9, la libert\u00e9 individuelle et l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9. <\/strong>
\n 
\n\u2022\tTh\u00e9orie et pratique ne peuvent \u00eatre s\u00e9par\u00e9es<\/strong>. Si des id\u00e9es-cl\u00e9s (les siennes, par exemple) peuvent guider l\u2019\u00e9ducateur ou l\u2019enseignant, il faut savoir les tester sur le terrain, les faire \u00e9voluer, et s\u2019adapter \u00e0 son contexte \u00e9ducatif.
\n 
\nSes \u0153uvres, tir\u00e9es \u00e0 des millions d\u2019exemplaires et ce, sur tous les continents, sont encore aujourd\u2019hui largement \u00e9tudi\u00e9es et utilis\u00e9es au sein d\u2019institutions sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9es<\/strong>, notamment d\u00e9di\u00e9es \u00e0 la r\u00e9insertion. <\/p>\n

Ses principes-cl\u00e9s, comme l\u2019int\u00e9gration du travail et de la vie en communaut\u00e9 dans l\u2019\u00e9ducation, le d\u00e9veloppement individuel au service du collectif ou encore la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 d\u2019une approche pluridisciplinaire dans le processus p\u00e9dagogique semblent plus que jamais d\u2019actualit\u00e9. <\/strong>
\n <\/p>\n

Quelques ouvrages d\u2019Anton Makarenko \u00e0 consulter :<\/h2>\n

–\t\u0152uvres p\u00e9dagogiques Tome 1 et 2
\n–\tLe ma\u00eetre insurg\u00e9
\n–\tL’\u00c9ducation du Travail
\n–\tPour l\u2019\u00e9cole du peuple
\n–\tLe po\u00e8me p\u00e9dagogique<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00c0 noter<\/strong> : une grande partie de sa th\u00e9orie a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e lors de conf\u00e9rences et discours.
\n 
\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grands p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oriciens qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains.   Makarenko, c\u2019est qui ?!   N\u00e9 le 1er mars 1888 \u00e0 Belopoli\u00e9, ville ukrainienne appartenant alors \u00e0 l\u2019Empire Russe, Anton Semionovitch Makarenko est issu d\u2019une modeste… Voir l’article<\/a>","protected":false},"author":41,"featured_media":10204,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":[],"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2],"tags":[1913,882,1811,1914,1912],"class_list":["post-10972","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-le-mag","tag-makarenko","tag-pedagogie","tag-pedagogue","tag-reinsertion","tag-socialisme"],"yoast_head":"\nPEDAGOGO #28 - ANTON MAKARENKO - Sydologie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2021\/10\/pedagogo-28-anton-makarenko\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PEDAGOGO #28 - ANTON MAKARENKO - Sydologie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grands p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oriciens qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains.   Makarenko, c\u2019est qui ?!   N\u00e9 le 1er mars 1888 \u00e0 Belopoli\u00e9, ville ukrainienne appartenant alors \u00e0 l\u2019Empire Russe, Anton Semionovitch Makarenko est issu d\u2019une modeste... 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