{"id":10936,"date":"2021-09-20T11:00:31","date_gmt":"2021-09-20T09:00:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sydologie.com\/?p=10936"},"modified":"2021-09-20T10:30:23","modified_gmt":"2021-09-20T08:30:23","slug":"pedagogo-26-jean-marc-gaspard-itard","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2021\/09\/pedagogo-26-jean-marc-gaspard-itard\/","title":{"rendered":"PEDAGOGO #26 – JEAN-MARC-GASPARD ITARD"},"content":{"rendered":"

Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grands p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oriciens<\/strong> qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains.<\/p>\n

Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard, c\u2019est qui ?!<\/h2>\n

\"\"
\nN\u00e9 en 1774 \u00e0 Oraison, dans les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Jean Itard est le fils d\u2019un important n\u00e9gociant de Marseille. Alors que son p\u00e8re le destine \u00e0 une carri\u00e8re dans le commerce, c\u2019est pourtant vers un tout autre domaine, la m\u00e9decine, qu\u2019il se tourne finalement.<\/strong> <\/p>\n

D\u2019abord aide-chirurgien aupr\u00e8s du directeur de l\u2019h\u00f4pital militaire de Toulon pendant le si\u00e8ge de la ville, il monte ensuite \u00e0 Paris pour suivre au Val de Gr\u00e2ce les cours de chirurgie de Dominique-Jean Larrey, p\u00e8re de la m\u00e9decine d\u2019urgence, et r\u00e9ussit le concours de chirurgien de deuxi\u00e8me classe. En 1800, il est promu m\u00e9decin-chef de l\u2019Institution Imp\u00e9riale des sourds-muets.<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u2019est l\u00e0 qu\u2019il croise la route d\u2019un \u00ab enfant sauvage \u00bb ayant grandi loin de la civilisation, qui ne parle pas et qui fut captur\u00e9 dans une for\u00eat de l\u2019Aveyron. Alors que de nombreux scientifiques de l\u2019\u00e9poque pensent l\u2019enfant incapable de progresser, Itard entreprend de l\u2019\u00e9duquer, anim\u00e9 par la conviction que la fatalit\u00e9 n\u2019existe pas, que l\u2019\u00e9ducation peut transcender toutes les inadaptations<\/strong>, et qu\u2019elle est, avec la culture, ce qui transforme v\u00e9ritablement un \u00eatre humain en Homme. <\/p>\n

Avec l\u2019enfant sauvage, qu\u2019il baptise Victor, Itard exp\u00e9rimente et cherche \u00e0 mettre en place une m\u00e9thode d\u2019\u00e9ducation qui permettrait de d\u00e9passer les \u00ab d\u00e9ficiences \u00bb de son \u00e9l\u00e8ve<\/strong>, dont il esp\u00e8re tout particuli\u00e8rement d\u00e9velopper les fonctions linguistiques et cognitives. <\/p>\n

Passionn\u00e9 par son entreprise, il s\u2019inspire notamment des r\u00e9flexions de Locke et de Condillac pour penser son mod\u00e8le \u00e9ducatif. V\u00e9ritable bricoleur p\u00e9dagogique, il n\u2019a de cesse d\u2019inventer de nouveaux outils et de nouvelles situations p\u00e9dagogiques, jetant au passage les bases d\u2019un mod\u00e8le \u00e9ducatif rationnel et m\u00e9thodique bas\u00e9 sur la discipline et la progression graduelle au travers d\u2019exercices de difficult\u00e9 croissante. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Itard consigne ses d\u00e9couvertes, ses progr\u00e8s, ses doutes et ses questionnements sur les limites de l\u2019\u00e9ducation<\/strong> dans deux textes : \u00ab M\u00e9moire sur les premiers d\u00e9veloppements de Victor de l\u2019Aveyron \u00bb (1801) puis \u00ab Rapport sur les nouveaux d\u00e9veloppements de Victor de l\u2019Aveyron \u00bb (1806). Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut en tirera d\u2019ailleurs un film, \u00ab L\u2019Enfant sauvage \u00bb, en 1970. <\/p>\n

Bien que son travail aupr\u00e8s de Victor n\u2019ait finalement pas \u00e9t\u00e9 aussi fructueux qu\u2019esp\u00e9r\u00e9, Itard poursuivra ses recherches sur l\u2019\u00e9ducation des enfants pour lesquels le syst\u00e8me est inadapt\u00e9, en particulier les enfants sourds et muets<\/strong>. M\u00e9decin, scientifique et p\u00e9dagogue de terrain, il laisse derri\u00e8re lui de nombreux textes int\u00e9ressants tant dans le domaine de la m\u00e9decine que dans celui de la p\u00e9dagogie.
\n <\/p>\n

Et Itard, \u00e7a donne quoi aujourd\u2019hui ?<\/h2>\n

 
\nOutre ses travaux pr\u00e9-cit\u00e9s, Itard est aujourd\u2019hui consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme l\u2019un des pionniers de l\u2019oto-rhino-laryngologie (ORL), et comme le cr\u00e9ateur de la premi\u00e8re \u00e9cole fran\u00e7aise d’une de ces trois sp\u00e9cialit\u00e9s : l\u2019otologie (tout ce qui a trait aux pathologies de l\u2019oreille). Ses travaux ont servi de base au d\u00e9veloppement du champ de la psychiatrie de l\u2019enfant, et il est \u00e9galement \u00e0 l\u2019origine de la premi\u00e8re description m\u00e9dicale des tics<\/strong> li\u00e9s \u00e0 ce qui sera par la suite baptis\u00e9e \u00ab maladie de Gilles de la Tourette \u00bb. <\/p>\n

Au-del\u00e0 de la m\u00e9decine, Itard laisse aussi derri\u00e8re lui des r\u00e9flexions et exp\u00e9rimentations en mati\u00e8re de p\u00e9dagogie qui donneront ensuite naissance au courant de l\u2019\u00e9ducation sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e<\/strong> (\u00e9ducation d\u2019enfants et adolescents pr\u00e9sentant des d\u00e9ficiences psychiques, physiques ou des troubles du comportement).
\n <\/p>\n

Quelques ouvrages de Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard \u00e0 consulter :<\/h2>\n

– M\u00e9moire sur les premiers d\u00e9veloppements de Victor de l\u2019Aveyron (1801)
\n– Rapport sur les nouveaux d\u00e9veloppements de Victor de l\u2019Aveyron (1806)
\n– M\u00e9moire sur le b\u00e9gaiement, Journal universel des sciences m\u00e9dicales (1817)
\n– Trait\u00e9 des maladies de l\u2019oreille et de l\u2019audition (1821)<\/em>
\n 
\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grands p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oriciens qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains. Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard, c\u2019est qui ?! N\u00e9 en 1774 \u00e0 Oraison, dans les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Jean Itard est le fils d\u2019un important n\u00e9gociant de Marseille. Alors que son p\u00e8re… Voir l’article<\/a>","protected":false},"author":34,"featured_media":10204,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":[],"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2],"tags":[1909,1907,1906,1902,1811,1908],"class_list":["post-10936","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-le-mag","tag-deficiences","tag-education-specialisee","tag-orl","tag-pedagogo","tag-pedagogue","tag-sourds-et-muets"],"yoast_head":"\nPEDAGOGO #26 - JEAN-MARC-GASPARD ITARD - Sydologie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2021\/09\/pedagogo-26-jean-marc-gaspard-itard\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PEDAGOGO #26 - JEAN-MARC-GASPARD ITARD - Sydologie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grands p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oriciens qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains. Jean-Marc-Gaspard Itard, c\u2019est qui ?! N\u00e9 en 1774 \u00e0 Oraison, dans les Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Jean Itard est le fils d\u2019un important n\u00e9gociant de Marseille. Alors que son p\u00e8re... 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