{"id":10483,"date":"2021-04-06T11:00:28","date_gmt":"2021-04-06T09:00:28","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/sydologie.com\/?p=10483"},"modified":"2021-04-02T16:35:50","modified_gmt":"2021-04-02T14:35:50","slug":"pedagogo-9-burrhus-frederic-skinner","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2021\/04\/pedagogo-9-burrhus-frederic-skinner\/","title":{"rendered":"PEDAGOGO #9 – BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER"},"content":{"rendered":"

Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grands p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oriciens<\/strong> qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains.
\n <\/p>\n

Skinner, c\u2019est qui ?!<\/h2>\n

 
\n\"\"
\n 
\nParmi les psychologues les plus influents du 20\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, Skinner figure en bonne place. N\u00e9 en 1904 en Pennsylvanie, il devient docteur en psychologie puis professeur dans la prestigieuse universit\u00e9 d’Harvard, o\u00f9 il enseigne avant tout sa th\u00e9orie du b\u00e9haviorisme<\/strong>. <\/p>\n

Il \u00e9tablit ainsi que tout \u00eatre vivant, aussi bien humain qu’animal, est conditionn\u00e9 par les stimuli <\/strong>de son propre organisme \u2013 un rat qui a faim va manger \u2013 et par les stimuli qu\u2019il per\u00e7oit dans son environnement \u2013 un danger imminent per\u00e7u va pousser le rat \u00e0 r\u00e9agir.<\/p>\n

Il applique alors sa th\u00e9orie b\u00e9havioriste au domaine de l\u2019apprentissage. Selon lui, les stimuli positifs ou n\u00e9gatifs que re\u00e7oit un apprenant<\/strong> fonctionnent comme des signaux qui lui indiquent que son comportement est correct ou incorrect. L\u2019apprenant op\u00e8re alors des ajustements en fonction de ces stimuli et automatise le comportement ad\u00e9quat : c\u2019est le m\u00e9canisme fondamental de l\u2019apprentissage d\u2019apr\u00e8s Skinner.
\n <\/p>\n

Et Skinner, \u00e7a donne quoi aujourd\u2019hui ?<\/h2>\n

 
\nDepuis la fin du 19\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, le courant b\u00e9havioriste, port\u00e9 par Skinner, a largement domin\u00e9 le domaine de la psychologie en Am\u00e9rique du Nord et en Europe, et a profond\u00e9ment influenc\u00e9 la p\u00e9dagogie en Occident. <\/p>\n

Le principe de Skinner \u00ab stimulus-r\u00e9ponse-cons\u00e9quence \u00bb<\/strong> trouve son succ\u00e8s en p\u00e9dagogie par sa simplicit\u00e9<\/strong> \u2013 il suffit de r\u00e9p\u00e9ter un stimulus jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce qu\u2019un apprenant adopte le bon comportement \u2013 et par son efficacit\u00e9<\/strong> \u2013 notamment lorsque l\u2019on vise des comp\u00e9tences basiques, par exemple, reproduire un geste m\u00e9canique.<\/p>\n

La th\u00e9orie b\u00e9havioriste trouve son application dans les mod\u00e8les p\u00e9dagogiques descendants<\/strong>, o\u00f9 l\u2019enseignant \u00ab expert \u00bb va transmettre son savoir \u00e0 l\u2019apprenant \u00ab novice \u00bb. De l\u2019enseignement primaire \u00e0 la formation professionnelle en passant par l\u2019universit\u00e9, le r\u00f4le de l\u2019enseignant est toujours central. Preuve en est que celui-ci con\u00e7oit les examens en prenant comme r\u00e9f\u00e9rentiel les connaissances qu\u2019il a transmises lors de son cours. Mais on observe aujourd\u2019hui que cette approche est davantage combin\u00e9e \u00e0 d\u2019autres d\u00e9marches p\u00e9dagogiques<\/strong> issues du constructivisme ou encore du cognitivisme.
\n <\/p>\n

Quelques ouvrages de Skinner \u00e0 consulter :<\/h2>\n

 
\n–\tLa r\u00e9volution scientifique de l’enseignement
\n–\tL’Analyse exp\u00e9rimentale du comportement
\n–\tPar-del\u00e0 la libert\u00e9 et la dignit\u00e9
\n–\tScience et comportement humain
\n–\tVerbal Behavior<\/em>
\n 
\nOn parle aussi de Skinner dans notre livre blanc \u00ab La place des 5 grandes th\u00e9ories de l\u2019apprentissage dans la formation<\/strong> \u00bb<\/a>.
\n 
\n 
\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grands p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oriciens qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains.   Skinner, c\u2019est qui ?!     Parmi les psychologues les plus influents du 20\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, Skinner figure en bonne place. N\u00e9 en 1904 en Pennsylvanie, il… Voir l’article<\/a>","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":10204,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rop_custom_images_group":[],"rop_custom_messages_group":[],"rop_publish_now":"initial","rop_publish_now_accounts":[],"rop_publish_now_history":[],"rop_publish_now_status":"pending","_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[2],"tags":[1851,882,1811,1850,1854,1853,1852],"class_list":["post-10483","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-le-mag","tag-behavorisme","tag-pedagogie","tag-pedagogue","tag-skinner","tag-stimuli","tag-stimulus","tag-theories-de-lapprentissage"],"yoast_head":"\nPEDAGOGO #9 - BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER - Sydologie<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sydo.fr\/sydologie\/2021\/04\/pedagogo-9-burrhus-frederic-skinner\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"PEDAGOGO #9 - BURRHUS FREDERIC SKINNER - Sydologie\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Chaque lundi, nous vous proposons de voyager dans l\u2019Histoire de la p\u00e9dagogie, \u00e0 travers les portraits des plus grands p\u00e9dagogues et th\u00e9oriciens qui ont influenc\u00e9 nos mod\u00e8les contemporains.   Skinner, c\u2019est qui ?!     Parmi les psychologues les plus influents du 20\u00e8me si\u00e8cle, Skinner figure en bonne place. 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N\u00e9 en 1904 en Pennsylvanie, il... 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